低能量密度炸药连续装药光面爆破技术研究

为了提高光面爆破成型质量，提出了一种低能量密度炸药连续装药光面爆破技术，利用LS DYNA进行数值模拟，对比2#岩石乳化炸药间隔装药和低能量密度炸药连续装药的应力场，然后将此技术用于长九（神山）灰岩矿四号隧洞控制爆破和露天边坡光面爆破。结果表明：2#岩石乳化炸药间隔装药模型中，装药段与非装药段测点应力峰值相差很大；而在低能量密度炸药连续装药模型中，沿炮孔轴向相同爆心距的测点应力峰值保持一致；使用低能量密度炸药进行连续装药，能够避免装药段的过度破坏和非装药段的欠挖，提高残孔率，且省去了导爆索捆绑时间，提高周边孔装药效率，节省了爆破成本。     

发夹式换热器管束流致振动数值模拟研究

运用计算流体力学方法,采用ANSYS CFX软件对发夹式换热器的壳侧流场进行了三维数值模拟。流场计算中采用多孔介质模型对管束区域进行简化,分析了壳侧流场的速度分布,结果表明:直管段部分的流体湍流强度大于弯管段,且外层管束所在区域为高流速区,受流体冲刷严重。结合流场信息,通过功率谱生成随机激振力,采用ABAQUS软件模拟计算了湍流激振下管束的振动响应,结果显示管束的面外均方根位移远大于面内位移,且弯管部分的振动位移最大。该研究结果可为发夹式换热器的性能分析和优化设计提供参考和依据。     

Quantitative method for estimating stain density in electron microscopy of conventionally prepared biological specimens

Stain density is an important parameter for optimising the quality of ultrastructural data obtained from several types of 3D electron microscopy techniques, including serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Here, we show how some straightforward measurements in the TEM can be used to determine the stain density based on a simple expression that we derive. Numbers of stain atoms per unit volume are determined from the measured ratio of the bright-field intensities from regions of the specimen that contain both pure embedding material and the embedded biological structures of interest. The determination only requires knowledge of the section thickness, which can either be estimated from the microtome setting, or from low-dose electron tomography, and the elastic scattering cross section for the heavy atoms used to stain the specimen. The method is tested on specimens of embedded blood platelets, brain tissue and liver tissue.     

The First Flexible Dual‐Ion Microbattery Demonstrates Superior Capacity and Ultrahigh Energy Density: Small and Powerful

Humans live today in a high‐tech and informationalized society. With the development of the emerging electronic information age, various electronic systems are inclined to be multifunctional and miniaturized. It is urgent to develop “small and powerful” micro‐batteries with flexibility and high electrochemical performance to meet the diverse needs of microelectronic components. However, low electrochemical performance exists in traditional microenergy storage devices, which fail to satisfy the energy needs for microdevices. Here, for the first time, a planar integrated flexible rechargeable dual‐ion microbattery (DIMB) is reported, which is fabricated from an interdigital pattern of graphite as an electrode and lithium hexafluorophosphate as an electrolyte. As a microbattery, the DIMB exhibits a high reversible capacity of 56.50 mAh cm^?3, and excellent cycle stability with 90% capacity retention after 300 cycles under a high working voltage. The application of DIMB in microdevices, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), digital electronic game consoles, and electrochromic glasses is also investigated, fully demonstrating its “small and powerful” performance. The integrated DIMB is a high‐voltage microdevice that reaches a nonpareil discharge voltage of about 100 V and a charging capacity of 102 mAh g^?1. This dual ion‐based flexible microbattery could become a promising candidate for energy storage and conversion components in next‐generation microelectronic devices and integrated electronic devices.     

Inhibition effect of swelling characteristics of expansive soil using cohesive non-swelling soil layer under unidirectional seepage

Cohesive non-swelling soil (CNS) cushion technology is widely used to solve swelling deformation problems in expansive soil areas. However, the swelling inhibition mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, the inhibition effect on expansive soil using a CNS layer was studied by performing five types of laboratory model tests under unidirectional seepage. The results showed that CNS cushion technology produced a sound inhibition effect on the swelling characteristics of expansive soil. It was shown that the cations in the CNS layer moved downward and accumulated on the surface of solids and produced an electrical environment inside the expansive soil. In this process, the adsorbed hydrated cations participated in ion exchange with the expansive soil, leading to the modification effect on its swelling potential. Meanwhile, the adsorbed water membrane surrounding the expansive soil aggregates formed by the hydrated cations obstructed further adsorption of water molecules, which inhibited the swelling development of expansive soil. Therefore, the swelling inhibition mechanism can be attributed to three factors: (i) modification effect, (ii) electrical environment, and (iii) deadweight of the CNS layer. The combined contribution of modification effect and electrical environment can be considered as an electric charge effect, which mainly controls the swelling characteristics of expansive soil.     

Clustering biomedical and gene expression datasets with kernel density and unique neighborhood set based vein detection

It is a crucial need for a clustering technique to produce high-quality clusters from biomedical and gene expression datasets without requiring any user inputs. Therefore, in this paper we present a clustering technique called KUVClust that produces high-quality clusters when applied on biomedical and gene expression datasets without requiring any user inputs. The KUVClust algorithm uses three concepts namely multivariate kernel density estimation, unique closest neighborhood set and vein-based clustering. Although these concepts are known in the literature, KUVClust combines the concepts in a novel manner to achieve high-quality clustering results. The performance of KUVClust is compared with established clustering techniques on real-world biomedical and gene expression datasets. The comparisons were evaluated in terms of three criteria (purity, entropy, and sum of squared error (SSE)). Experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed technique over the existing techniques for clustering both the low dimensional biomedical and high dimensional gene expressions datasets used in the experiments.     

含芳香氨基酸三肽及其衍生物自由基离子的形成和解离机理研究

铜-配体(L)-三肽组成的三元复合物［Cu(L)M］²⁺，其中，L表示4′-氯-2,2′:6′,2″-三联吡啶(缩写为4Cl-tpy)；M表示酪氨酰-甘氨酰-色氨酸(YGW)及其修饰型三肽(CH₃CO-YGW-OCH₃，缩写 Ac-YGW-OMe)。使用该复合物，通过碰撞诱导解离 (collision-induced dissociation, CID)产生两种自由基离子 (［YGW］^·+和［Ac-YGW-OMe］^·+)。采用串联质谱结合密度泛函理论 (density functional theory, DFT)得到气相稳定结构，并研究其气相解离行为。研究结果表明，［YGW］^·+和［Ac-YGW-OMe］^·+的气相解离行为截然不同，［YGW］^·+主要产生［M-CO₂-116］⁺和［M-CO₂］^·+碎片离子；而［Ac-YGW-OMe］^·+在气相中主要产生［M-CH₃OH］^·+碎片离子。推测这两种离子的气相裂解机理分别为：［YGW］^·+羧基上的质子重排到多肽骨架中羰基氧上，经历 C_α-C键的断裂产生［M-CO₂］^·+、断裂色氨酸侧链 C_β-C_γ键产生［M-CO₂-116］⁺离子；［Ac-YGW-OMe］^·+则先经历质子重排到酯基氧上，然后经过C-O酯键的断裂形成［M-CH₃OH］^·+离子。参与重排的质子可能有3个来源：Ac-YGW-OMe中甘氨酸的C_α-H、色氨酸的C_α-H 或C_β-H，该机理有待进一步验证。本研究将为其他类型多肽及衍生物的结构及气相反应机理研究提供参考。     

Novel high-energy ionic molecules deriving from new monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the exploration of a practical strategy for novel energetic molecules with high energy and low sensitivity is very desirable but highly challenging. Novel ionic energetic molecules have attracted much attention in this area due to their prominent advantages including low sensitivities, high thermal stability, and excellent energy performances. Herein, five different ionic energetic molecules based on new monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties with enhanced oxygen balance have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated as potential high-energy materials. Thermal stability, sensitivities and energy output test were measured and studied in detail. The heats of formation and energetic parameters were calculated by using Gaussian 09 suite of programs and EXPLO 5 code. The results suggest that all as-prepared new molecules exhibit good thermal stability with high decomposition temperature (3, 231°C; 5, 160°C; 6, 185°C; 7, 180°C; 8, 213°C), and relative low sensitivity (IS > 20 J, FS = 324 N). Inheriting the significant oxygen content of monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties, they also possess good energy properties (v _D = 8238 ~ 9208 m s^?1, P = 26.8 ~ 36.7 GPa, V _o = 481.8 ~ 959.4 L kg^?1), which make them competitive high-energy materials.     

Effect of functionally graded structure design on durability and thermal insulation capacity of plasma-sprayed thick thermal barrier coating

This paper aimed to design and optimize the structure of a thick thermal barrier coating by adding graded layers to achieve a balance between high thermal insulation capacity and durability. To this end, conventional TBC, conventional TTBC, and functionally graded TTBCs were deposited on the superalloy substrate by air plasma spraying. To determine the quality of the bond strength of the coatings, the bonding strength was measured. The durability of coatings was evaluated by isothermal oxidation and thermal shock tests. Then, at a temperature of 1000 °C, the thermal insulation capacity of the coatings was carried out. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the thickness of the TGO layer formed on the bond coat in the conventional TBC and TTBC under the oxidation test at 1000 °C after 150 h was 2.79 and 2.11 μm, respectively, whereas, in the functionally graded TTBC samples, no continuous TGO layer was observed as a result of internal oxidation. The functionally graded TTBC presented higher durability than conventional TTBC due to improved bonding strength, thermal shock resistance, and the lack of a TGO layer at the bond/top coat interface. Also, the thermal insulation capacity of the functionally graded TTBC (with 1000 μm thickness of YSZ coating) was better than TTBC.     

Silicene Nanoribbons on an Insulating Thin Film

Silicene, a new 2D material has attracted intense research because of the ubiquitous use of silicon in modern technology. However, producing free-standing silicene has proved to be a huge challenge. Until now, silicene could be synthesized only on metal surfaces where it naturally forms strong interactions with the metal substrate that modify its electronic properties. Here, the authors report the first experimental evidence of silicene nanoribbons on an insulating NaCl thin film. This work represents a major breakthrough, for the study of the intrinsic properties of silicene, and by extension to other 2D materials that have so far only been grown on metal surfaces.